Reaction Measurement Essays - Design Of Experiments, Cognition

Response Measurement The response time of ten subjects was estimated. The subjects were approached to get a ruler multiple times under five distinct conditions. The main condition estimated the subject's basic response time. Each further condition included an extra improvement and the response times were estimated. There was an unmistakable increment in response time with the expansion of further boost, anyway the normal outcome of a consistent increment accordingly time with the expansion of each condition did not happen. The third condition showed the most noteworthy reaction time where as the last condition showed the second most reduced (after condition 1). Accepting that no plan issues in the investigation influenced the outcomes, it can't be inferred that intellectual procedures happen in independent request and don't cover. Given the normal response time of condition five was lower than condition three, some intellectual adaption may have happened to bring down the reaction time of the subjects or another explanation may exist. One perspective not secured by the explore, yet essential to the outcomes was the mistake factor. Pre-speculating the experimenter caused a high pace of mistake, anyway it brought down the by and large results. Why measure reaction times? As the world pushes ahead with innovation, expanding pressure is set upon people to be faster, be more astute and to work all the more proficiently. As the populace expands frameworks are being placed in spot to lessen occurrences and mishaps happening. A case of this is a study directed by Cameron, 1995 inspecting the impact of explicit light hues, engine vehicle slowing down and the response time of the drivers to these explicit mists and conditions to maintain a strategic distance from backside crashes. Donders subtractive technique holds that response times can be gotten by taking away the straightforward response time; or taking away sort A from type B and so on. (Cameron, 1995). Given this, it stands that the more boost gave (or perspectives required), the more extended the reaction time of the subjects. This hypothesis is tried in the estimation of ten reactions to five test conditions. The preliminary gives fundamental data to members and it is normal that response times will be shorter than if no data was provided. (Rosenbaum, 1980.) Method Members Ten members were chosen, four female and six male. Ages run from twenty-two to fifty three. All were completely capable and from English talking foundations. Materials A plastic yard rule was utilized. The yard rule was six centimeters in width. System Condition One The experimenter sat one subject on a seat and educated them to put their arm out before them at an agreeable stature. The yard rule was then positioned between the subject's fingers at a tallness of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 1 (Appendix An) and given three preliminaries. The subject at that point finished the ten attempts at the condition and the outcomes were recorded. Each of the ten subjects were tried in a similar way. No anomalous outcomes were acquired. Condition Two The experimenter sat one subject on a seat and taught them to put their arm out before them at an agreeable stature. The yard rule was then positioned between the subject's fingers at a stature of 10 centimeters. The subject was at that point told the condition 2 (Appendix An) and given three preliminaries. The subject at that point finished the ten attempts at the condition and the outcomes were recorded. Every one of the ten subjects were tried in a similar way. A blunder rate and strange outcomes happened. Condition Three The experimenter sat one subject on a seat and taught them to put their arm out before them at an agreeable stature. The yard rule was then positioned between the subject's fingers at a tallness of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 2 (Appendix An) and given three preliminaries. The subject at that point finished the ten attempts at the condition and the results were recorded. Every one of the ten subjects were tried in a similar way. A mistake rate and strange outcomes happened. Condition Four The experimenter sat one subject on a seat and taught them to put both their arms out before them at an agreeable tallness. The yard rule was then positioned between the subject's hands at a tallness of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 4 (Appendix An) and given three preliminaries. The subject at that point finished the ten attempts at the condition and the outcomes were recorded. Every one of the ten subjects were tried in a similar way. A high blunder rate and unusual outcomes happened. Condition Five The experimenter sat one subject on a seat and

Hedonics Presentation: Disgust

Sicken is a captivating feeling. Clinicians have for some time been baffled by its temperament: how it creates in an individual and how it influences the general public. As per Rozin et al (Rozin, Haidt, McCauley, 2000), there are nine areas of nauseate elicitors in North Americans, to be specific: food, creatures, body items, sexual practices, infringement of the dermal layer, poor cleanliness, physical contact with dead or cadavers, relational tainting and certain ethical offenses. These elicitors are the way in to the improvement just as support of sicken in humans.Food is viewed as the most key factor in the advancement of such feeling. Appall fills in as an instrument that shields the body from ingesting hurtful articles or toxic nourishments. It is a reaction towards terrible tastes which are obtained through the mouth. As a feeling, disturb is showed through conduct, physiological, expressive, and qualia segments. In this manner, it very well may be investigated by looking at these parts. Seeing how appall influences moral judgment, strife and ethno-political brutality lies in these categories.The motivation behind this paper is to clarify what nauseate is, recognize the various elements related with its turn of events, see how it is communicated by an individual, lastly, clarify how it influences the general public. Articulation of Disgust: How Disgust is communicated Personally and Culturally and the Role of Sympathetic Magic Disgust is an essential feeling that is recorded in practically all arrangements of feelings with in any event four sorts in it. It fulfills any measure in portraying feelings, may it be facial, semantic, or diverse (Rozin et al, 2000).Expression of sicken in people just as social substances is partitioned into four segments: conduct, physiological, expressive, and qualia (Rozin et al, 2000). Laws of thoughtful enchantment additionally influence the presentation of appall in an individual and how sicken is communicated in each soc ial substance. Singular Expression Manifestation of disturb as a feeling in people is partitioned into four segments: social, physiological, expressive, and qualia (Rozin et al, 2000). In conduct segment, appall is being communicated as avoiding items, occasions, or circumstances which are likewise attributes of rejection.In the physiological segment, disturb is showed by two sorts of physiological changes: one is queasiness and the other is salivation. Queasiness is connected with nauseate, however it's anything but a necessity for somebody to encounter it. Salivation was presented by Angyal as being connected with the declaration of disturb. It is likewise connected with queasiness, however it can happen without coming about to or starting from sickness. In the expressive segment, disturb is showed through outward appearances (Rozin, Lowery, and Ebert, 1994).A â€Å"disgust face† is an articulation which is practically equivalent to each person. Such outward appearances inc orporate raised cheeks, limited eyebrows, twisted upper lips, distended tongue and wrinkled nose. Movements of the heads, for example, snapping in reverse and shaking from side-to-side, are additionally corresponded with appall. Some of the time, the individual may articulate seems like â€Å"ach† or â€Å"ugh†. These articulations rely on the idea of elicitors which are normally used to debilitate passage of something, most likely food, or as a reaction to something that causes the appall, for example, bad flesh.The qualia part of sicken is the psychological or feeling segment which is viewed as the most hard to examine. As contrasted and different feelings, appall is generally knowledgeable about shorter time terms and some nauseate inspiring circumstances may conjure humor. Laws of Sympathetic Magic Two laws of thoughtful enchantment, infection and likeness, which were crucial in the arrangement of conviction frameworks of old and conventional societies, were found to have had extraordinary application in the investigation of different human practices (Rozin, Millman, and Nemeroff, 1986).Rozin et al (1986) had the option to build up direct connection between these laws and appall. Disease. The principal law of thoughtful enchantment expresses that â€Å"once in contact, consistently in contact†. Infection, as it is more prevalently known, conjures changed reaction from individuals. One of which is appall. As its definition proposes, infection is the exchange of properties through physical contact of one article into another. Rozin et al (1986) concentrated how beverages got unwanted after a disinfected, dead cockroach was plunged into it.Cockroaches are generally connected with earth and sicknesses and any contact with it summons nauseate. The job of disease is to move these properties into different items, for this situation, the beverages. Accordingly, an individual who sees the cockroach in the beverage will encounter repugnance of i t. Similitudes. The subsequent law, generally called similitudes, expresses that â€Å"the picture rises to the object† (Rozin et al, 1986). Under this law, objects, particularly food, speak to other unfortunate objects.An adequate food, for instance, fudge molded into hound dung, may summon aversion from individuals in view of its looks or what it speaks to. The job of the second law of thoughtful enchantment in the obtaining of appall in an individual is the portrayal of nauseate elicitors by satisfactory articles, for example, food. Improvement and Maintenance of Disgust is frequently seen as a food-related feeling. Most investigations in the advancement of sicken pointed it as a reaction of dislike. Awful tastes inspire appall in differing degrees or relevance.For model, unpleasant nourishments are less acknowledged by people’s mouth, while harmful food sources are completely stayed away from. Appall fills in as a defensive component of individuals against any misc hief, particularly ingestion of nourishments. Be that as it may, disturb can likewise be inspired by different components. As per Rozin et al (2000), there are nine elicitors of nauseate in the Americans, in particular: food, creatures, body items, sexual practices, infringement of the dermal layer, poor cleanliness, physical contact with dead or carcasses, relational pollution and certain ethical offenses. Food RejectionThe most essential elicitor of appall in people is food. This emerges from the crucial actuality that living life forms, particularly people, need to eat. The requirement for food is more incessant than some other things. Food molded societies more than anything since individuals are progressively disposed to eat together. Anything that appears to be scrumptious for us today is the consequence of the a great many long periods of social changes. Then again, anything disturbing today is likewise the aftereffect of these changes. Utilizing food as the variable in trial examines, disturb can be characterized under food rejection.The laws of thoughtful enchantment are worried on the separation between worthy nourishments or food sources that are believed to be hostile and defiling (Rozin and Fallon, 94) in various societies. The mouth assumes a significant job since it is the principle passage point into the human body. It is hence imperative to figure out which food must be eaten. Hostile and tainting nourishments are rendered unpalatable in this manner protecting the soundness of populaces or strict elements. Food dismissal is the shirking of hostile and tainting foods.Several factors influence people’s view of different preferences. Rozin (1986) noticed that numerous individuals detest certain nourishments and render it sullying and unpalatable. Dislike is the most continuous elicitor of sicken which is additionally portrayed as food dismissal. Issues Related with One-Trial Learning Studies on one-preliminary learning of appall have been utilized in investigating the idea of sicken. In this specific situation, various people are being approached to top off polls or review structures which request event(s) that changed their impression of likes to abhorrences or aversions to likes.Initial results indicated that it is more enthusiastically for individuals to give inclinations as opposed to making revultions. This is upheld by information accumulated from the one-preliminary learning study done by Rozin (1986). Table 1 shows the quantity of frequency of detailed one-preliminary learning. Be that as it may, there are sure issues on the exactness of the aftereffects of one-preliminary learning. These issues are subjects of discussions on the unwavering quality of one-preliminary learning in the investigation of appall. Issues remember mistakes for the factual technique utilized, predisposition as aftereffects of world occasions, and inclinations about learning of new negative occasions (Rozin, 1986).Relationship of Hedon ic Processes to other Cognitive Processes Hedonic moves corresponding to nauseate are more on abhorrences as opposed to inclinations. This was demonstrated utilizing the one-preliminary learning concentrate on human impression of different preferences. The consequences of the one-preliminary learning considers demonstrated that there is more noteworthy propensity for individuals to move from like to detest and lesser inclination to do something else. Along these lines, negative indulgent move is increasingly basic in appall. End Psychologists and socio-investigators have for quite some time been entranced with the investigation of nauseate as an emotion.A number of articles have been delivered in endeavors of clarifying the feeling. The outflow of appall is partitioned into four segments: social, physiological, expressive, and qualia segments. Among these parts, the most effortlessly distinguished is the expressive segment which is seen through outward appearances. The outward appea rances incorporate crossed eyebrows, raised or twisted lips, and wrinkled nose. The two laws of thoughtful enchantment assumed significant jobs in the turn of events and support of disgust.Studies demonstrated that individuals will in general aversion a person or thing that is identified with an article (enliven or not) in either virus or similitudes. These two laws are fundamental to the advancement of social substances. At long last, the utilization of one-preliminary learning in investigating the libertine movements of individuals comparable to appall raised numerous issues that are subjects of discussions. The issues remember mistakes for the measurable strategy utilized, predisposition as consequences of

Should my profession get license Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should my calling get permit - Essay Example Thus, this is a high duty work. Thusly, should human services organization experts get permit? As per me, medicinal services organization must be seen as an administrative employment identical to an administrative situation in some other industry. Medicinal services organization degree must be dealt with proportional to a MBA degree. Indeed, social insurance industry is dynamic and furthermore touchy because of its temperament. Be that as it may, medicinal services chairmen won't have an effect as that of a clinical expert like a specialist or an attendant. Subsequently, a permit must not be required to turn into a social insurance organization proficient. A social insurance proficient must have comprehension of the law. Medicinal services chairman with great comprehension of the law won't just have the option to secure himself yet additionally their managers and even the patients (Gassiot et al., 2010). They should be tried to guarantee that they are capable of carrying out the responsibility and can deal with the obligation, But a permit ought not be required to turn into a human services

Comparing and Contrasting Economic Ideas Essay Example for Free

Looking into Economic Ideas Essay Presentation †As individual pioneers in current financial reasoning and disposition, business analysts Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes was hailed and censured by a wide range of people and foundations in view of their commitment to worldwide economy mentalities just as a result of the occasionally extreme ways that the two expected of monetary pioneers to fall back on so they can follow the monetary model that either Friedman and Keynes planned. Both are good and bad with regards to getting economy and giving an answer which can be utilized to open the secrets of the changing financial predicament that the world encounters which requires the contribution of business analysts. Also, during their time, Friedman and Keynes delighted in the god-like space from which they stood, each in turn, when the world was bowing to the financial contemplations that they made. Likenesses: Friedman and Keynes financial contemplations compromise While Friedmans and Keynes considerations and spotlight on financial matters have inborn contrasts, a few eyewitnesses accept that the two monetary thoughts embraced by Friedman and Keynes additionally have a few similitudes. For one, the two financial specialists and their thoughts are in understanding with regards to the steady development pace of cash flexibly and its job in variance and employment[1]. Additionally, the two were characteristically business analyst in tendency they remain on comparable grounds regardless of whether it implies burrowing and constructing that ground utilizing various scoops and various strokes. Second, the financial thoughts of the two people share the comparable characterisitcs of being well known and broadly utilized and respected before the resulting change in political scene made the possibility of outdated and pointless; for Keynes and his monetary thought regarding the job of the state in financial administration, the blossoming of his thought came after the world, especially the US, felt the crush to the economy after the two universal wars and the event of the Great Depression, his thought at last dying down when the world came consistently nearer to the 80s. For Friedman, his financial thought got its chance after it demonstrated having the answer for the issue the Keynes model can't reply, and subsequent to making the most of his second at the center of attention for certain years, the worldwide emergency that overwhelmed the world pushed Friedman’s thoughts consistently nearer to the waste canister. Friedman and Keynes and their thoughts share the comparable pace with regards to open acknowledgment, just as a similar trademark that their thoughts each are pets of US presidents; previous US president Richard Nixon was a Keynesian while another previous US president, Ronal Reagan actualized a Friedman approach in economics[2]. Another comparability in the financial thought of Friedman and Keynes is that their thoughts took into consideration the recognizable proof of an element or organization or thought that was the purpose behind the disappointment of the economy. Take for instance the Great Depression, for those holding fast to the Keynesian faith in financial matters, they are slanted to accept that there is a person or thing to blame why such event occurred, and that is free market. Friedman thinking will likewise lead the person towards a similar conviction of having a person or thing to blame, and that is the Federal Reserve, most definitely. Another likeness shared by Keynes and Friedman and their assault and example in creating financial idea and guaranteeing the crowd required for the foundation of the ubiquity and acknowledgment of their specific monetary idea is the way their monetary musings and thoughts were assembled and spread around the individuals who will either condemn or grasp it. Wood (1991) clarified, â€Å"The most astonishing part of Friedman’s accomplishments is that he has not to a more prominent degree earned the appreciation of the calling. To an enormous degree this is because of the forcefully basic structure where he has introduced his ideas.†[3] In his assaults on the places of other he has now and again would in general withdraw from the more cautious and protected manner by which he regularly presents his own outcomes. This has guaranteed him of a wide crowd, since it is regularly simpler to draw in followers to an upset in speculation even a counter-upheaval than to a less sensational development of a theory. This is a trademark which Friedman imparts to Keynes and clarifies why both have been simultaneously exceptionally questionable and profoundly effective in the improvement of monetary idea. Financial experts in a head-on impact †Despite the likenesses found in Friedman and Keynes and their contemplations and the pacing and social acknowledgment life expectancy of their thoughts, Friedman and Keynes and their thoughts in economies are progressively acknowledged, condemned and evaluated on account of how the two thoughts find differentiating focuses against the other. They and their thoughts have noteworthy contrasts that they are portrayed once in a while as the incredible polarizers of the economy and the monetary conviction and mentality. For Friedman, Keynes was off base about the possibility of the state and its dynamic job in directing the economy. For Friedman, the more appropriate arrangement is for the state to realize that its job in the economy is centered around guaranteeing the development of cash gracefully. Friedman focused on the significance of fiscal strategy versus the possibility of Keynes and the job of state spending. Friedman likewise tested the way Keynes clarified the conduct of the customer particularly during the instances of expansion and the resulting unemployment[4]. The Keynes-Friedman Showdown While it is reasonable how there will be absolutely discrete gatherings that help the considerations of Keynes and the monetary considering Friedman, there are examples that the two current financial masterminds figure in gigantic standoffs (which isn't of their doing, obviously, however the doing of others and foundations especially grant giving bodies that set out to recognize who is the best between the two). A case of these occasions is the during the time comprehensively mainstream and exceptionally regarded week after week gleaming magazine TIME embraced the undertaking of naming the beneficiary of the Economist of the Century respect to wrap up the finish of the twentieth century[5]. Skousen (2001) expounded on how the individuals from the choosing bunch were conflicted between Friedman and Keynes, and how Friedman at last bested Keynes regardless of the way that some TIME magazine staff, remembering supervisor for boss Norman Pearlstine, accepted that the honor ought to go to Keynes. Pearlstine accepted that the way Keynes enunciated the significance of free markets just as the criticalness of the undue government mediation that will fall back on the production of threat in the monetary landscape[6] is a significant cutting edge financial thought that will profit one nation as well as the world, particularly since the world is encountering worldwide exchange and financial matters. Cambridge University in 1970, during the time Friedman confronted an exceptionally factional, genius Keynes swarm who pull for their preferred Nicholas Kaldor which Friedman adequately vanquished during the debate[7]. Some would state that the astounding Friedman win in that specific discussion (which quieted the mumbling horde of unbelievers) was expected to a great extent due to the nonappearance of Keynes himself, however it might likewise highlight the way that Friedman and his monetary standards remains constant in certain viewpoints. End †Many researchers, pundits, new financial specialists, political examiners and students of history as of not long ago consistently banter about the similitudes and contrasts of Keynes and Friedman and their monetary thoughts. All the more critically, they bantered about how every business analyst and every thought they provided for the world aided in forming world economy as it is today. Some state that Milton was not normal for Friedman, while some think they are the equivalent. Some accept that Friedman was superior to Keynes, while others feel in any case. Others go to the outrageous, taking into account that the two lived in an interconnected life, that one finishes the other, as DeLong accepts that Friedman was not a contender to Keynes, however a greater amount of the man that finished Keynes[8]. The issues and focuses emerging in the discussion concentrated on the individual and their thoughts realize huge multifaceted nature that the end is in every case hard to see, foresee and accomplish. However, for the distinctions of Friedman and Keynes, it is no uncertainty that both market analyst contributed monstrously in the field of financial matters, and therefore, they were showered with legitimate distinctions as well as with complimenting critiques by pundits and onlookers. Imprint Blaug was cited by Skousen in his book as ascribing to Friedman and his incredible capacity for discussing and battling for his situation in monetary ideologies[9] that came about to his gaining the regard of even his generally basic and already disinterested enemies. Skousen (2001) accepts that Friedman is the most acclaimed financial expert alive, yet he rushed to counter his suggestion by reminding the perusers that Friedman was not a mammoth from the outset in the hover of monetary masterminds, owing to a great extent to the way that Friedman and his monetary thoughts (for example his monetarism convictions) were vigorously reprimanded from the get-go in his profession as a financial mastermind. [10]  â â â â â Truly, both Keynes and Friedman made such monetary goals that went to the degree that it got adversarial with one another. In any case, experts realized that underneath everything, the more significant interesting point is the way that the distinctions and similitudes found in Keynes’ and Friedman’s works gave the world what it can used to oversee changing financial challenges. Works Cited: DeLong, J Bradford. â€Å"Friedman Completed Keynes.† Project Syndicate. 2006. 23 May 2008  â â â â â â â â â â www.project-syndicate.org. Heuser, Uwe Jean. â€Å"The Underrated Power of Economists.† Indymedia.org.uk. 28 June 2007.  â â

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History Maldonado is a moniker used to show a person who was monstrous or oblivious, from the Spanish mal donado meaning tragic, from mal, which means severely, in addition to donado, which means given, blessed. Maldonado was additionally in some cases a habitational last name, showing somebody who originated from Maldonado, a town in the territory of Albacete, Spain. Maldonado is the 51st most basic Hispanic family name. Family name Origin: Spanish, Portuguese Exchange Surname Spellings: de Maldonado, Maldanado, de Maldanado, Maledanado, de Maledanado, Maldolado, Moldonado, Baldonado, Montano, Valdonado, Valdonao, Maldonao Where Do People With the MALDONADO Surname Live? As indicated by WorldNames PublicProfiler the lion's share of people with the Maldonado last name live in Argentina, trailed by focuses in Spain, the United States, France, and Switzerland. Ancestors incorporates family name appropriation information from numerous extra nations, and it distinguishes Maldonado as generally predominant in Mexico and generally normal in Puerto Rico, where it positions 23rd in the country. The Maldanado variation is generally regular in the United States. Well known People Minister Rafael Maldonado - Venezuelan Formula One driverAbel Maldonado †American legislator, 48th Lieutenant Governor of CaliforniaCandido Candy Maldonado †previous American Major League Baseball outfielderJosà © Maldonado - Puerto Rican revolutionaryDiego Maldonado -  captain under Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto Parentage Resources The accompanying articles contain extra helpful data: 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... It is safe to say that you are one of the a great many individuals wearing one of these best 100 regular Hispanic last names? The most effective method to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to begin researchingâ your Hispanic progenitors, including the nuts and bolts of family tree research and nation explicit associations, genealogical records, and assets for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish talking nations. Maldonado Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Maldonado family peak or escutcheon for the Maldonado surname. Coats of arms are conceded to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized uniquely by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the ensign was initially granted.â Family Tree DNA: Maldonado Family DNA ProjectThis familial DNA testing venture plans to figure out which Maldonado lines are associated and the ethnic cause of these lines. Maldonado Family Genealogy ForumSearch this well known parentage discussion for the Maldonado last name to discover other people who may be looking into your progenitors, or post your own Maldonado inquiry. FamilySearch - Maldonado GenealogyAccess over 1.2 million free chronicled records and ancestry connected family trees posted for the Maldonado last name and its minor departure from this free lineage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Maldonado RecordsGeneaNet incorporates authentic records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Maldonado last name, with a fixation on records and families from France, Spain, and other European nations. Maldonado Surname Family Mailing ListsThis free mailing list for specialists of the Maldonado last name and its varieties incorporates membership subtleties and an accessible chronicles of past messages. DistantCousin.com - Maldonado Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and lineage joins for the last name Maldonado. The Maldonado Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and connections to genealogical and verifiable records for people with the last name Maldonado from the site of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Living Your Best Life 9 Books to Read While Youre Single

Living Your Best Life 9 Books to Read While Youre Single Although its increasingly common, being single isnt celebrated in the media with the same fervor and frequency as being in a relationship. From Pride and Prejudice to Sex and the City, the pursuit of romance is a pervasive narrative arc within our culture. Sometimes it’s difficult to find books, TV shows, and movies that don’t revolve around a character’s quest for The One. This feels especially true for media about women. While male characters from Moby-Dick’s Ishmael to Batman have had the freedom to embark on adventures without romance as a central plot line, women have historically been relegated to happy endings that revolve around impending marriage and motherhood. The same is true in real life as wellâ€"just look at the medias treatment of George Clooney vs. Jennifer Aniston. However, there are a lot of advantages to being single, whether its by choice, preference, or circumstance. Research shows that single people tend to experience more psychological growth and cultivate stronger connections to friends and family. Being single is an opportunity to discover what really makes you happy. You become self-reliant and get to live life on your own terms. So whether you’re in the throes of a devastating breakup or you’re living your best life solo, whether you want to be single forever or just right now, here are some books to read while youre single that celebrate the single life: IT Ended Badly: 13 of the Worst Breakups in History by Jennifer Wright Love makes us do ridiculous things. If youre Henry VIII, you marry 6 women and behead two of them. If youre Caroline Lamb, you send Lord Byron a devastating post-break up missive containing a bloody lock of your own pubic hair. Dont get me started on Norman Mailer. These entertaining vignettes showcase the timeless absurdities of romance gone awry. All Grown Up by Jami Attenberg Each one of us is so much more than our relationship status. Whether were happily single or in a relationship, we contain multitudes. Attenbergs latest novel focuses on Andrea Bern, a dynamic and complicated artist, sister, daughter, and drinker. Rather than focusing on a tired romantic arc, Attenbergs novel explores the complexities of growing upâ€"or notâ€"as we meander through adulthood. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail by Cheryl Strayed Theres nothing better than a story of a bad-ass hiker braving the wilderness and her internal demons on a tenacious expedition of self-discovery. Strayed’s memoir chronicles her quest to hike the Pacific Crest Trail following the death of her mother and subsequent dissolution of her marriage. Strayed is funny and unflinchingly honest as she learns to be alone. The Paper Bag Princess by Robert Munsch Princess Elizabeth has an ideal life. She lives in a castle and is engaged to the lustrously-coiffed Prince Ronald. That is, until a dragon comes, burns down her castle, kidnaps Prince Ronald, and leaves Elizabeth with nothing to wear but a paper bag. Through a series of clever maneuvers, she defeats the dragon and saves Prince Ronald. Instead of the romantic reunion Elizabeth anticipates, Prince Ronald exclaims that Princess Elizabeth is wearing a paper bag and should come back when she’s dressed like a real princess. Elizabeth basically tells Ronald to bugger off and lives happily  ever after on her own. Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone by Eric Klinenberg Approximately 32 million people live alone. Klinenberg, a renowned sociologist, examines the rise in Americans living solo. He contends that people of all ages who live alone enjoy better mental health, have more environmentally sustainable lifestyles, and are often strongly engaged in social and civic activities. The deeply engaging portraits show myriad lives well lived. Why Not Me? by Mindy Kaling Is there literally anything actress/writer/director Mindy Kaling cant do? As executive producer, writer, and actor for  The Office  and  The Mindy Project, Kaling has forged an incredibly successful career. Her first book of essays,  Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me?  became a permanent fixture on my favorites shelf with her description of a young Mindy, afflicted with a bowl cut, performing a dramatic reenactment of the So Long, Farewell scene from  The Sound of Music. This book, her second, describes everything from dating a White House staffer to getting dumped by a friend. Even the part about meeting Bradley Cooper somehow feels relatable. My Beloved World by Sonia Sotomayor As the first Hispanic and only third woman to preside over the Supreme Court, there is a lot to admire about Justice Sotomayor. This intimate memoir chronicles Sotomayor’s journey from a Bronx housing project to her appointment to the federal bench. Her candid narrative is a hopeful reminder of the communities we create for ourselves and the great lengths we can go to when we believe in ourselves. Year of Yes: How to Dance It Out, Stand in the Sun and Be Your Own Person by Shonda Rhimes This book explores the impact of a decision Rhimes made when,  over Thanksgiving dinner, her sister muttered something that was both a wake up and a call to arms:  You never say yes to anything.  Shonda knew she had to embrace the challenge: for one year, she would say YES to everything that scared her. This poignant, intimate, and hilarious memoir explores Shonda’s life  before  her Year of Yesâ€"from her nerdy, book-loving childhood to her devotion to creating television characters who reflected the world she saw around her. The book chronicles her life  after  her Year of Yes had begunâ€"when Shonda forced herself out of the house and onto the stage; when she learned to explore, empower, applaud, and love her truest self. Yes. All the Single Ladies: Unmarried Women and the Rise of an Independent Nation by Rebecca Traister From 1890â€"1980, the median age for a first marriage was between 20â€"22. Today, only 20% of women are married by 29, compared to 60% in 1960. Over the course of more than 100 interviews, Traister examines the sexual, economic, and emotional lives of women in the 21st century, as well as historical figures who helped pave the way. This book provides a warm and enriching look at women who live fulfilling single lives. What are your recommendations for books to read while youre single?  

Power Struggles - Literature Essay Samples

Fredrick Nietzsche, a renowned German philosopher, believed that one of the strongest governing drives that humans possess is their desire for power. This theme is omnipresent in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, Shakespeares Othello, and Sophocles Antigone. In the novel Invisible Man, the narrator breaks free from the stereotypes and other oppressions set forth by his society. In Othello, Iago escapes his natural role as Othellos standard bearer to avenge himself. In Antigone, Antigone separates from the law of mortals to follow divine law. All three of these works illustrate Nietzsches idea of a will to power, and each break free of their separate constraints to find control. The narrator of Invisible Man, a black southern male living during the Jim Crow era, struggles with the constraints, stereotypical views, and oppressions set forth by his society. However, as he learns, he is able to remove himself from his oppressive society and remain in seclusion until he comes to understand wh o he is and the direction in which he should proceed when he reemerges into the world (Ellison 7). From the outset, the narrator realizes that he is being oppressed by the white members of society. One of his supervisors pressures him to leave his job at Liberty Paint to find something easier, quieter and something for which [he is] better prepared (Ellison 246). However, the persecution does not end there; the narrator discovers that blacks are incessantly selling themselves to the white race in exchange for the kind of monetary support that only places them in the position to be discriminated against yet again. As a result, the narrator discovers that he is invisible to this world, and does not belong to this tumultuous society (Ellison 3). In his invisibility, the narrator is able to find solace, and he writes this memoir of his life in an effort to break free of the constraints of oppression and discover his true self. The narrator professes, Im an invisible man and it placed me in a hole-or showed me the hole I was in, if you will-and I reluctantly accepted the fact (Ellison 572). This hole is where he finds solitude; it provides him with a quite place in which he can reminisce about his life and determine his plans for the future. By separating himself from his overbearing society, he is finally able to see the darkness of lightness and confesses that he love[s] light (Ellison 6). It is only in this freedom that the narrator is able to find himself, and, by extension, his place in the universe. After a great deal of soul-searching, the narrator is once again able to resurface in the world and find his role in an uncaring society. He states, Thus having tried to give pattern to the chaos which lives within the pattern of your certainties, I must come out, I must emerge (Ellison 580). When he emerges, his is in control of his newly-found self, and has broken free from his obligation to please others and feed into misguided stereotypes. After his return to society, he is able to maintain complete control over at least one aspect of his life: himself. Shakespeares character Iago breaks free of his natural order in society because he feels slighted by Othello, who has named Cassio lieutenant over Iago, even though Iago is both senior and superior to Cassio. Iago becomes jealous of Cassio, and plots revenge against both Othello and Cassio in an effort to gain control and manipulate them into misery. Iagos bitterness towards his oppressors is apparent when he refers to Cassio as a great arithmetician and a fellow almost damned in a fair wife (Shakespeare I, i,16-18). These insults allude to the fact that Iago is hurt and feels the need to rid himself of both Cassio and Othello in order to gain his rightful position as lieutenant. Throughout the play, Iago successfully manipulates Othello, Cassio, and Roderigo, and is able to spark Othellos jealousy, ultimately creating his tragic downfall. Iago is a master deceiver, and sets his design i n motion to create the illusion of Desdemonas infidelity with Cassio. Iago informs Roderigo that Cassio is a knave very voluble; no further conscionable than in putting on the mere form of civil and humane seeming for the better compass of his salt and most hidden loose affection (Shakespeare II, i, 237-240). Here, Iago reveals his plan to make Othello believe that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, and begins to gain power over the other characters through his manipulations. However, ironically, Iago warns Othello to beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on (Shakespeare III, iii, 165-167). Iago warns Othello not to allow jealousy to cloud his thoughts, while at that very moment basing his scheme on a jealous vengeance. Despite Iagos blind jealously, he is successful is convincing Othello that Desdemona has been unfaithful and that she must die. Othello ultimately kills his wife, discovers the truth, stabs Iago, and th en stabs himself. In the end, Iago is revealed as the one holding the power, for he has manipulated every other character to produce this tragic outcome. Sophocles writes of Antigone, who breaks the decree given by a mortal to fulfill an obligation to her familys divine rights and obey the law of the gods. After Creon forbids the proper burial of Antigones brother, Polyneices, Antigone decides to take fate into her own hands and allow her brother to pass naturally into the afterlife. At first, she attempts to secure the help of her sister, Ismene, but when Ismene proves reluctant, Antigone informs her, He is my brother still, and yours; though you would have it otherwise, but I shall not abandon him (Sophocles 345). Antigone continues to assert her position on the matter when she warns her sister, Dont fear for me. Be anxious for yourself (Sophocles 346). However noble her initial intention, Antigone is still defying the mortal law and is sentenced to death by entombment. As she is being paraded towards her tomb, she asks, By what law do I assert so much? Just this: A husband dead, another can be found, a child replaced, but once a brothers lost (mother and father dead and buried too) no other brother can be born or grows again (Sophocles 372). Antigone continues defying human law in favor of divine law by professing that if she is wrong in her thoughts and actions, and if these things be smiled upon by heaven, why, when Im dead Ill know I sinned. But if I find the sin was theirs, may justice then mete out no less to them than what injustice now metes out to me-my doom (Sophocles 372-373). Ultimately, Antigone is proven right not only by the citizens of Thebes, but by the gods themselves. As Antigone is to be released from her tomb, she hangs herself, which causes Creons son, Haemon to commit suicide, and in turn, Creons wife, Eurydice kills herself as well. Through divine intervention, Creon is shown the error of his ways, yet it is too late to grant Antigon e the power that she died to gain. Antigone broke free of Creons mortal law to follow divine law, and thus gained power over Creon and weakened his ability to rule and his grandeur in life. Frederick Nietzsches theory about the attainment and destruction of power is a ubiquitous theme in Invisible Man, Othello, and Antigone. All three of these works contain at least one major character who breaks free from oppression and attempts to harness his or her own power. Each in their own way, the Invisible Man, Iago, and Antigone fight to rid themselves of an overbearing power, and are thus able to gain their own sense of control. Every human struggles to free themselves of oppression, and every human ultimately needs to hold some form of power in order to feel vital to their societies and themselves.